Jung and the dark symbolism of Nazism
I. The Jungian premise
Carl Jung wrote an essay on Hitler titled ''Wotan'' in 1936. In the essay he makes several points about Hitler's psychology from a Jungian perspective and his critique blurs the lines between Jungian psychology and theology.
Jung thought that Hitler represented the ancient pre-Christic impulses of the German people. The tribal and pagan animisms of ancient Northern Europe were in a sense suppressed by the Christian compulsion towards charity and social cohesion. According to Jung, Hitler revived this ancient spirit of war and frenzy. Jung makes the point that Hitler was something of an empty vessel; a manifestation of the collective unconscious of the German people. Hitler represented the shadow of the German people.
This observation is remarkably similar in structure (although highly narrativized) to what historians such as Ian Kershaw have commented on Hitler. Retrospective pop culture such as almost every national geographic documentary ever made on WWII tends to focus on the personal character of Hitler. The implication is always that he was simply a bad guy doing bad things.
Ian Kershaw, one of the leading biographers on Hitler has a different interpretation in his book ''Hitler: 1889 - 1936: Hubris''. Hitler's political career began with a grassroots movement that manifested itself not in the halls of parliament but in the beer halls of the common man. Hitler himself began his journey to politics on the meager earnings of a half corporal and was altogether homeless before the war. His ability to muster his narrow rhetoric in baritone range was honed and evolved as he encountered perpetual feedback from persons in his audience.
This process shaped Hitler's systemic critiques. There was an evolution whereby he graduated from vague ramblings about Jewry and Bolshevism to specified and highly localized policy propositions. Hitler moved over a period of years from loosely complaining about the treaty of Versailles to being exacting in his proposal for abolition of ''interracial'' (at least in Hitler's mind) marriage between Germans and Jews.
That is a political level of analysis. What some historians describe as a ''functionalist'' perspective.
My own perspective on this is that multiple levels of analysis can be simultaneously true whilst remaining unobstructive to one another. If there is anything to be learned by Jungian psychology it is simply that the human person has a way of relating to dilemma in symbolically thematic motifs.
It may be true of Hitler that at the most superficial level of analysis (the political) his decision making and radicalization into a totalitarian is nothing more than a necessary transformation and explicable entirely through the lens of politics and power. Yet, at another level of analysis Hitler was also a man and a highly creative one at that. He had an internal voice in his mind that persuaded him of things. He had a sense of where to place limitations on himself and why. That sense seemed to be rigorously aligned with this political transformation at an almost spiritual level.
II. The dark spirits of Adolf Hitler
In the final years of the Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini the withered old machoist recounts a telling and somewhat fabled story about the musings of Adolf Hitler. In a private meeting at the Berchtesgaden Hitler had revealed to Mussolini that he was quote ''mystically and scientifically convinced of being possessed not by a demon, but by a spirit from Aryan mythological pre-history''.
Whatever credit can be attributed to the metaphysics of that claim; it is clear that Hitler entrusted a deep personal reflection to Mussolini. The question is what was this ''ancient spirit'' that supposedly gripped Hitler's psyche if not his very soul? Jung would suggest that it was the manifestation of Wotan. The ancient God of war. Drawing the marching bands of warriors to the thunderous beat of the drums on the war path.
One thing i find remarkable about Hitler is his seeming reflexive identification with the transgressive nature of his politics. Mussolini himself was staggered at a personal level at critical points in his regime. He left the 1943 Feltre meeting with Hitler a mess. Nervousness, depression, stomach ulcers. Hitler had refused Mussolini's proposal to surrender to the Soviet Union. That meant the end of Mussolini's regime. Even nearing his election as chancellor Mussolini suffered a month's long illness of some kind and withdrew from politics for a time. His preparations in anticipation of the coming civil war and the Allied invasion into Northern Italy had remained a swift escape to the borders of Switzerland.
Hitler's own escape was far darker and planned from the very beginning. He exclaimed to a colleague during the failed beer hall putsch that if he did not succeed that night then he would kill himself. Both Hitler and Mussolini ultimately did good by their promises and yet the irony is that Hitler's attempt was successful while Mussolini's was not.
III. The cryptic destructiveness of Fascism
The scholar of Fascism Robert Paxton outlined the stages of Fascism as the following:
Exploration
Rooting
Seizure of power
Exercise of power
Radicalization or entropy
The Fascist movements of the twentieth century (the Italian and German persuasions) both followed a remarkably similar origination and trajectory. They both began as something of a hodge podge of ultra-nationalist conspiratorial fringe groups that mobilized the remnants of the post-WWI dejected militias such as the Freikorps of Germany. They both utilized violence to achieve national popularity and foment a powerful political base (something for which both of their leaders were in hot water for at various times).
They both established an ultra-nationalist one-party state without free elections and with virtually no political oversight. They both oversaw the gradual transformation into a military-capable society which eventually participated in cold-blooded aggression towards the Western powers and launched a second world war. T
They both descended into hard totalitarianism and total mobilization as the war progressed.
However, The German variant of ''National Socialism'' developed into a fatalistic death cult which was radicalized to pursue death before defeat at every level of the society up to and including the leader. The Italian variant of Fascism proper merely dissolved into a mess of contradictions which ended the regime into an action figure of it's former expression.
The process of Fascism is an escalation into extremism. First, a gradual series of transgressive and ever more eye-catching coups and gambles. Then, descent into a doom complex and intense fatalism.
Violence leads to more violence which leads to paranoia which then leads to more violence. That produces what Umberto Eco described as the ''Armageddon complex''. It produces a Hitler waking up in the dead of night in a cold sweat fearing that an invasion into the Soviet Union was necessary to postpone a surprise attack. It produces a self-fulfilling prophecy of destruction and apocalypse.
''Germany will either be a world power or will not be at all.'' - Adolf Hitler.
In Wagner's (a particular favorite of Hitler's; he would get goosebumps at Wagner festivals that he attended regularly and was a devoted consumer of Wagner's mystic tales inspired of Norse mythology from childhood) fourth and final opera of ''The Ring of Nibelungen'' titled ''Götterdämmerung'' which means Twilight of the Gods in English; In this final act the gods refuse to submit and allow their old world to succumb to total annihilation.
In a sense, one could view all of WWII as Hitler's retelling of Wagner's opera. Rather than a renewal of the Earth anew without the influence of the Gods it featured a renewal of the Earth anew without the influence of the strong and willful as Hitler constantly harkened towards in his refusal to accept defeat.
IV. The origins of Adolf Hitler and Nietzsche's ''ressentiment''
Adolf Hitler began life as a sickly and depressive young boy whose home life had been a collection of deaths and rural outings in the outback of Austria. His trajectory through life was one failure proceeded soon after by another. Academic success, love interests, a stable home life, etc were all foreign to him.
WWI transformed Hitler from a down and out tramp into a political radical. He delved into all sorts of literature ranging from the occult to the scientism of the 19th century. Nietzsche was one of the few philosophers that Hitler indulged and it was reflected in his own will to power.
Nietzsche wrote that resentment was the motivation towards what he called a will to power. The sustaining life force and energy of every organism. Jung's perspective and motivation was that these psychic forces are intrinsically teleological as opposed to Freud's claim that they are causal. A drive moves a person towards a result and it is a spirit of it's own in it's sense. Jung thought the ancient Gods like Ares were manifestations of these drives (rage). One need look no further than consequences to infer motivation.
Hitler's motivation was a singular and narrow resentment towards the traumatic experience of Versailles. The collapse of the German empire into a skeletal remain and the destruction of German hegemony in Europe.
The structure of resentment is inherently antagonistic as a motivation. It requires an opposite. An opponent. Something or someone which constrains the very essence of being. Another remarkable property of resentment is it's intrinsically internal manifestation. A homicide is not an act of resentment but an act of rage. Resentment may precede a homicide but it is typically an isolated mental intrusion.
I classify resentment as broadly escalating into three categories:
- Sententiacidal ideation
Common expressions of this are those of the alcoholic and suicidal person. A desire to kill one's own burden of consciousness. A desire to kill ideas. A resentment born of being burdened with an oppressive structural contingency such as an illness, idea, etc.
- Homicidal ideation
A desire to kill another person. A spouse growing hateful over a period of years towards their husband's infidelity and gathering the courage to abruptly murder them.
- Pancidal ideation
The destruction of persons and humanity as a whole. I think this is a common phenomenon with serial killers.
''I'd like to see a whole city burn down. The tallest building i can see'' - Ottis Toole, convicted serial killer.
The deepest expression of resentment. A total rejection of the communitarian aspects of humanity and a withdrawal into pathological and reflexive contempt towards any external or invasive breach of personal boundaries paired with an externally expulsive treachery.
''O, why should wrath be mute, and fury dumb?
I am no baby, I, that with base prayers
I should repent the evils I have done:
Ten thousand worse than ever yet I did
Would I perform, if I might have my will;
If one good deed in all my life I did,
I do repent it from my very soul.'' - Shakespeare.
V. The symbols of Fascism and the Nazi state
Hitler embodied pancidal ideation in his articulated gestures. All but himself was blamed for the catastrophic defeats that followed his war. A gross and vulgar use of language to not only accuse but to recklessly manipulate and foment hatred. Hitler identified with the auto-cannibalism inherent to civilization and identified it as a kind of justice. His gigantomania and fantastical imagination (swastika, volkshalle, etc) were symbolic of the eternality of civilization. Lacking borders. Larger than any one person. That is descriptive of the elemental participation of each individual and an inescapability. As Will Durant said a man takes his civilization everywhere he goes.
The essence of what i'll describe as the Hitler motif is as the following:
''Let us stoke flame and carry it with us to the edges of the Earth and in so doing we may watch with gleeful meander as it grows to be stoked with nothing left in it's path but our flesh and sinew.''
The second world war remains the greatest catastrophe in modern history and Hitler is arguably the single most influential figure in the 20th century. Relative peace followed his death and a prolonged peace for the Western world which has only recently been threatened by the Western decline in standards of living. A new generation of political violence has emerged to inherit the mantle of the older interwar generation.
With all of our technological prowess a war of the scale that Hitler pursued would spell the end of civilization as we know end and with good measure the end of the human species. One ponders what boyish fantasies lure men like Putin or Xi or Trump. One ponders what they've grown weary and tired of as they've collected a lifetime of being burdened with humanity. We hope and pray that they have ''sense'' enough to preserve the human race and yet if they are anything short of saintly i would say that the 21st century very well may be the final curtain of humanity.